Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases

Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases

Glands that secrete hormones in the body are called endocrine or internal secretion glands. Endocrine organs (gland) synthesize (produce) and secrete hormones. Hormones show their effects in the target organs they reach by being secreted into the bloodstream, and are responsible for providing and maintaining many physiological functions in the body, including growth, development, reproduction, metabolism control, and appetite regulation. Hormones also control the response we give to our environment and help provide the appropriate amount of energy and nutrients necessary for our body's functions. The internal secretion glands that make up the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, reproductive glands (ovaries in women, testes in men), adrenal glands (adrenal, suprarenal), adipose tissue, and endothelium.The Department of Endocrinology (Hormone Science) and Metabolic Diseases is a medical branch within the Department of Internal Medicine that primarily examines the functions of internal secretion glands, the hormones they secrete, and the diseases of these glands, and performs the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of these diseases. Hormone deficiency (hypofunction), hormone excess (hyperfunction), decreased sensitivity to hormones, excessive intake of hormones from the outside, tumors of the endocrine glands, and metabolic diseases are among the main topics of the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases. In addition, metabolic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, vitamin (especially vitamin D) and mineral (especially calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium) metabolism disorders, and osteoporosis (bone loss), especially diabetes mellitus, obesity (fatness), and hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood), are among the most common diseases of this branch of science.In the diagnosis of endocrine diseases; a detailed anamnesis and physical examination, biochemical and hormonal tests, imaging methods (such as direct radiographs, USG, scintigraphy, ECHO, computed tomography, MRI, PET-CT, angiography), rhythm and blood pressure Holter, DEXA, and organ biopsies are used.
In our hospital, diagnostic, treatment and follow-up services in the field of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases are carried out in close cooperation with other medical specialties. Within the scope of outpatient clinic services, patient evaluation, planning of the necessary examinations, and the follow-up and treatment of metabolic and hormonal diseases are performed by Prof. Dr. Cihangir Erem.
MAIN ENDOCRINOLOGICAL DISEASES ACCORDING TO ENDOCRINE ORGANS AND SYSTEMS Pituitary Gland Diseases ·         Prolactin (PRL, milk hormone) hormone excess (PROLACTINOMA) ·         Growth hormone (GH) excess (GIGANTISM and ACROMEGALY) ·         ACTH and Cortisol hormone excess (CUSHING'S DISEASE) ·         Adult growth hormone deficiency and short stature ·         Pituitary gland insufficiency (HYPOPITUITARISM) ·         Diabetes insipidus (DIABETES INSIPIDUS) ·         Pituitary tumors ·         Pituitary incidentaloma ·         Inappropriate ADH syndrome ·         Inflammatory diseases of the pituitary (HYPOPHYSITIS) Thyroid Gland Diseases ·         All kinds of goiter including euthyroid goiter (Thyroid gland enlargement) ·         Overactive thyroid gland, hypofunction (HYPERTHYROIDISM/ toxic goiter)·         Underactive thyroid gland, hyperfunction (HYPOTHYROIDISM)·         Thyroid nodule·         Inflammatory diseases of the thyroid gland (THYROIDITIS)·         Autoimmune thyroid diseases, especially Hashimoto's disease ·         Thyroid cancers and other tumors ·         Thyroid hormone resistance ·         Euthyroid sick syndrome Parathyroid Gland Diseases ·         Parathyroid hormone excess (PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM) ·         Parathyroid hormone deficiency (HYPOPARATHYROIDISM) ·         Hypocalcemia and hypercalcemias ·         Parathyroid gland tumors Adrenal Gland (Adrenal or Suprarenal) Diseases ·         Cortisol hormone excess (CUSHING'S SYNDROME) ·         Aldosterone hormone excess (PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM) ·         Catecholamine hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine) excess (PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA) ·         Primary chronic adrenocortical insufficiency (ADDISON'S DISEASE) ·         Congenital adrenal hyperplasias ·         Adrenal incidentalomas ·         Adrenal gland tumors Hormonal Diseases of the Ovaries (Ovary) ·         Ovarian hormone deficiencies in women (HYPOGONADISM) ·         Polycystic ovary syndrome (absence of menstruation, weight gain, and increased hair growth) ·         Excessive hair growth in women (HIRSUTISM) ·         Ovarian tumors Testicular Hormone Diseases ·         Testosterone hormone deficiency (HYPOGONADISM) ·         Breast enlargement in men (GYNECOMASTIA) ·         Erection problems and impotence (hormonal causes/testosterone deficiency) ·         Testicular tumors METABOLIC AND OTHER HORMONAL DISEASES OF INTEREST TO ENDOCRINOLOGY ·         Diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS) ·         Obesity (FATNESS) and other nutritional disorders ·         Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) and especially endocrine hypertension ·         Lipid metabolism disorders (DYSLIPIDEMIAS): high levels of cholesterol and other blood lipids (such as triglycerides) in the blood ·         Metabolic syndrome (INSULIN RESISTANCE SYNDROME)(obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia…) ·         Low blood sugar (HYPOGLYCEMIAS) ·         All kinds of endocrine diseases and hormone disorders, especially gestational diabetes and thyroid diseases during pregnancy ·         Metabolic bone diseases, especially bone loss (OSTEOPOROSIS) and osteomalacia (bone softening) ·         Diseases related to some vitamins and minerals (especially vitamin D and calcium metabolism disorders, vitamin D deficiency) ·         Endocrine emergencies such as diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, hypocalcemic and hypercalcemic crises, hyperthyroidism crisis (thyroid storm), and pheochromocytoma crisis. ·         High uric acid in the blood (gout disease) ·         Endocrinological tumoral diseases (NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS) ·         Carcinoid syndrome ·         Ectopic hormone production and secretion ·         Polyglandular failures ·         Multiple endocrine neoplasias ·         Vitamin and mineral diseases